If you haven't played Dark Colony or want to try this strategy video game, download it now for free! Published in 1997 by Strategic Simulations, Inc., Dark Colony (aka DC) is still a popular sci-fi / futuristic title amongst retrogamers, with a whopping 4.7/5 rating. Dark Colony and Council Wars Expansion 1-Click Install Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, XP (SSI 1997-1998) MY PROMISE My games are genuine, install in one step, look, sound and play in Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista and XP like they did in the old days, or your money back.This is my unconditional guarantee for three years. WHAT IS INCLUDED. Dark Colony: The Council Wars. Game » consists of 0 releases. Short summary describing this game. Images (0) Forum (0) News. Dark Colony is a 1997 real-time strategy computer game developed by GameTek and published by Strategic Simulations, Inc. The game is for Microsoft Windows. Dark Colony The Council Wars. Free Download PC – Released on January 29, 2020, Cook, Serve, Delicious! Is an indie simulation game. Learn how to download.
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History Main article: History of Spain [edit] Prehistory and Pre-Roman peoples in the Iberian Peninsula Main article: Prehistoric Spain The earliest record of hominids living in Europe to date has been found in the Spanish cave of Atapuerca which has become a key site for world Paleontology due to the importance of the fossils found there, dated roughly 1.000.000 years ago. Modern humans in the form of Cro-Magnons began arriving in the Iberian peninsula from north of the Pyrenees some 35,000 years ago. The more conspicuous sign of prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the northern Spanish Altamira (cave), which were done ca. 15,000 BCE and are regarded, along with those in Lascaux, France, as paramount instances of cave art. The earliest urban culture documented is that of the semi-mythical southern city of Tartessos, pre- 1100 BCE. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Around 1100 BCE, Phoenician merchants founded the trading colony of Gadir or Gades (modern day Cádiz) near Tartessos. In the 9th century BCE the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the East, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. The Greeks are responsible for the name Iberia, after the river Iber (Ebro in Spanish). In the 6th century BCE the Carthaginians arrived in Iberia while struggling with the Greeks for control of the Western Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (Latin name of modern day Cartagena). The native peoples which the Romans met at the time of their invasion in what is now known as Spain were the Iberians, inhabiting from the Southwest part of the Peninsula through the Northeast part of it, and then the Celts, mostly inhabiting the north and northwest part of the Peninsula. In the inner part of the Peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed, distinctive, culture was present, the one known as Celtiberian. [edit] Roman Empire and Germanic Invasions Main article: Hispania Roman bridge in CordobaThe Romans arrived in the Iberian peninsula during the Second Punic war in the 2nd century BCE, and annexed it under Augustus after two centuries of war with the tenacious Celtic and Iberian tribes (from whom they copied the short sword known as falcata). These, along with the Phoenician, Greek and Carthaginian coastal colonies, became the province of Hispania. It was divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic; and, during the Roman Empire, Hispania Taraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south and Lusitania (province with capital in the city of Emerita Augusta) in the southwest. Hispania supplied Rome with food, olive oil, wine and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius and Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca and the poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were born in Spain. The Spanish Bishops held the Council at Elvira in 306. The collapse of the Western Roman empire did not lead to the same wholesale destruction of Western classical society as happened in areas like Britain, Gaul and Germania Inferior during the Dark Ages, even if the institutions, infrastructure and economy did suffer considerable degradation. Spain's present languages, its religion, and the basis of its laws originate from this period. The centuries of uninterrupted Roman rule and settlement left a deep and enduring imprint upon the culture of Spain. The first hordes of Barbarians to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the Roman empire decayed. The tribes of Goths, Visigoths, Swebians (Suebi), Alans, Asdings and Vandals, arrived to Spain by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range. They were all of Germanic origin. This led to the establishment of the Swebian Kingdom in Gallaecia, in the northwest, and the Visigothic Kingdom elsewhere. (For a while, the Germans lived under their law while the much more numerous Spaniards continued more or less to live under Roman law.) The Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed the entire Iberian Peninsula with the Catholic conversion of the Goth monarchs. The famous horseshoe arch, which was adapted and perfected to great effect by the later Muslim era builders was in fact originally an example of Visigothic art. [edit] Muslim Iberia Main article: Al-Andalus In the 8th century, nearly all the Iberian peninsula, which had been under Visigothic rule, was quickly conquered (711–718), by mainly Berber Muslims (see Moors), who had crossed over from North Africa, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad. Visigothic Spain was the last of a series of lands conquered in a great westward charge by the Islamically inspired armies of the Umayyad empire. Indeed they continued northwards until they were defeated in central France at the Battle of Tours in 732. Astonishingly the invasion started off as an invitation from a Visigoth faction within Spain for support. But instead the Moorish army, having defeated King Roderic proceeded to conquer the peninsula for itself. The Roman Catholic populace, unimpressed with the constant internal feuding of the Visigothic leaders, often stood apart from the fighting, often welcoming the new rulers, thereby forging the basis of the distinctly Spanish-Muslim culture of Al-Andalus. Only three small counties in the mountains of the north of Spain managed to cling to their independence: Asturias, Navarra and Aragon, which eventually became kingdoms. The Age of the Islamic EmpireThe Muslim emirate proved strong in its first three centuries; stopping Charlemagne's massive forces at Saragossa and, after a serious Viking attack, established effective defences. Indeed it became a terror in its own right to Christian neighbours, with its 'al-jihad fil-bahr' (holy war at sea). Christian Spain struck back from its mountain redoubts by seizing the lands north of the Duero river, and the Franks were able to seize Barcelona (801) and the Spanish Marches), but save for these and some other small incursions in the north, the Christians were unable to make headway against the superior forces of Al-Andalus for several centuries. It was only in the 11th century that the break up of Al-Andalus led to the creation of the Taifa kingdoms, who attempted to outshine each other in art and culture and were often at war, became vulnerable to the consolidating power of Spain's Christian kingdoms. The Moorish capital was Córdoba, in southern Spain. During this time large populations of Jews, Christians and Muslims lived in close quarters, and at its peak some non-Muslims were appointed to high offices under the some of the more lenient Muslim rulers. At its best it produced exquisite architecture and art, and Muslim and Jewish scholars played a major part in reviving the study of ancient Greek and Roman cultures. However there were restrictions on non-Muslims that grew after the death of Al-Hakam II in 976. Later invasions of stricter Muslim groups led to persecutions of non-Muslims, forcing some (including Muslim scholars) to seek safety in the then still relatively tolerant city of Toledo after its Christian reconquest in 1085. Interior of the Mezquita in Córdoba, a Muslim mosque.Spanish society under Muslim rule became increasingly complex, partly because Islamic conquest did not involve the systematic conversion of the much larger conquered population to Islam. At the same time, Christians and Jews were recognized under Islam as 'peoples of the book', and so given dhimmi status. Most importantly, the Islamic Berber and Arab invaders were a small minority, ruling over several million Christians. Thus, Christians and Jews were free to practise their religion, but faced certain restrictions and financial burdens. Conversion to Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace, as it offered social and economic and political advantages. Merchants, nobles, large landowners, and other local elites were usually among the first to convert. By the 11th century Muslims are believed to have outnumbered Christians in Al-Andalus. The Muslim community in Spain was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. From the beginning, the Berber people of North Africa had provided the bulk of the armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. The Berbers, who were comparatively recent converts to Islam, resented the aristocratic pretensions of the Arab elite. They soon gave up attempting to settle the harsh lands of the north of the Meseta Central handed to them by the Arab rulers, and many returned to Africa during a Berber uprising against Arab rule. However, the Berbers later took over power and Muslim Spain fell under the rule of the Almoravid and then the Almohad dynasties, amongst others. Over time the relatively tiny number of Moors gradually increased with immigration and cross marriages. Large Moorish populations grew, particularly in the south, especially in the Guadalquivir river valley, along the narrow but fertile Mediterranean coastal plain and in the Ebro river valley, south of Barcelona. Muslim Spain was wealthy and sophisticated under Islamic rule. Cordoba was the richest and most sophisticated city in all of western Europe. It was not until the 12th century that western medieval Christiandom began to reach comparable levels of sophistication, and this was due in part to the stimulus coming from Muslim Spain. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa, including knowledge of mathematics and science, and they helped revived. Crops and farming techniques introduced by the Arabs, led to a remarkable expansion of agriculture, which had been in decline since Roman times. In towns and cities magnificent mosques, palaces, and other monuments were constructed. Outside the cities, the mixture of large estates and small farms that existed in Roman times remained largely intact because Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners. The Muslim conquerors were relatively few in number and so they tried to maintain good relations with their subjects. This relative social peace, which was already deteriorating from the late 10th century, broke down with the later, stricter, Muslim sects. Roman, Jewish, and Muslim culture interacted in complex ways. A large part of the population gradually adopted Arabic. Arabic was the official language of government. Even Jews and Christians often spoke Arabic, while Hebrew and Latin were frequently written in Arabic script. These diverse traditions interchanged in ways that gave Spanish culture — religion, literature, music, art and architecture, and writing systems — a rich and distinctive heritage. However, as the 11th century drew to a close most of the north and centre of Spain was back under Christian control. [edit] Fall of Muslim rule and Unification Main article: Reconquista Equal partners: Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of CastileThe long period of expansion of the Christian kingdoms, beginning in 722, only eleven years after the Moorish invasion, is called the Reconquista. As early as 739 Muslim forces were driven out of Galicia, which came to host one of Christianity´s holiest sites, Santiago de Compostela. Areas in the northern mountains and around Barcelona were soon captured by Frankish and local forces, providing a base for Spain's Christians. The 1085 conquest of the central city of Toledo largely completed the reconquest of the northern half of Spain. In 1086 the Almoravids, an ascetic Islamic sect from North Africa, conquered the divided small Moorish states in the south and launched an invasion in which they captured the east coast as far north as Saragossa. By the middle of the 12th century the Almoravid empire had disintegrated. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 heralded the collapse of the great Moorish strongholds in the south, most notably Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248. Within a few years of this nearly the whole of the Iberian peninsula had been reconquered, leaving only the Muslim enclave of Granada as a small tributary state in the south. Surrounded by Christian Castile but afraid of another invasion from Muslim northern Africa, it clung tenaciously to its isolated mountain splendour for two and half centuries. It came to an end in 1492 when Isabella and Ferdinand captured the southern city of Granada, the last Moorish city in Spain. The Treaty of Granada [4] guaranteed religious tolerance toward Muslims while Spain's Jewish population of over 200,000 people was expelled that year. At Ferdinand's urging the Spanish Inquisition had been established in 1478. After the invasions of no less than three Islamic empires (Ummayad, Almoravid and Almohad), and aware of a fourth, there was a fear that the Muslims might assist yet another invasion. Also, Aragonese labourers were angered by landlords use of Moorish workers to undercut them. A 1499 Muslim uprising, triggered by forced conversions, was crushed and was followed by the first of the expulsions of Muslims, in 1502. The year 1492 was also marked by the discovery of the New World. Isabella I funded the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Ferdinand and Isabella, as exemplars of the Renaissance New Monarchs, consolidated the modernization of their respective economies that had been pursued by their predecessors and enforced reforms that weakened the position of the great magnates against the new centralized crowns. In their contests with the French army in the Italian Wars, Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba eventually achieved success, against the French knights, thereby revolutionizing warfare. The combined Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, long vibrant and expansive, emerged as a European great power. The reconquest from the Muslims is one of the most significant events in Spanish history since the fall of the Roman Empire. Arabic quickly lost its place in southern Spain's life, and was replaced by Castilian. The process of conversion was reversed from the mid 13th century: the majority Muslim population was gradually converted to Catholicism. The mosques and synagogues were converted into churches. With the union of Castile and Aragón in 1479 and the subsequent conquest of Granada in 1492 and Navarre in 1512, the word Spain (España, in Spanish) began being used only to refer to the new unified kingdom and not to the whole of Hispania (the term Hispania (from which España was originally derived) is Latin and the term Iberia Greek). [edit] From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century Main article: Habsburg Spain Main article: Enlightenment Spain Until the late fifteenth century, Castile and León, Aragón and Navarre were independent states, with independent languages, monarchs, armies and, in the case of Aragon and Castile, two empires: the former with one in the Mediterranean and the latter with a new, rapidly growing, one in the Americas. The process of political unification continued into the early 16th century. It was the unification of these separate Iberian empires that became the base of what is now referred to as the Spanish Empire. Emperor Charles V of SpainBy 1512, most of the kingdoms of present-day Spain were politically unified by the crown, although not as a modern, centralized state. In contemporary minds, 'Spain' was a geographic term that was more or less synonymous with Iberia, not the present-day state called Spain, although today's more restricted notion of it was beginning to gain in currency. As the old states continued to exist and function with their own laws, assemblies and administrations under one monarch, the title of the reigning Habsburgs was 'The King of the Spaniards', not 'Spain'. The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was called Carlos I of Castille and Aragon, extended his crown to other places in Europe and the rest of the world. The short-lived unification of Iberia was complete when Charles V's son ,became King of Portugal in 1580. During the 16th century, early Habsburg Spain (i.e. the reigns of Charles V and Philip II) became the most powerful state in Europe. The Spanish Empire covered most territories of South and Central America, Mexico, some of Eastern Asia (including the Philippines), the Iberian peninsula (including the Portuguese empire invaded by the Kingdom of Spain and the Duke of Alba in 1580), southern Italy, Sicily, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. It was the first empire about which it was said that the sun did not set. It was a time of daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginning of European colonization. Not only did this lead to the arrival of ever increasing quantities of precious metals, spices and luxuries, and new agricultural plants, that had a great influence on the development of Europe, but the explorers, soldiers, sailors, traders and missionaries also brought back with them a flood of knowledge that radically transformed the European understanding of the world, ending conceptions inherited from medieval times. This Renaissance intellectual transformation is best seen in the influential School of Salamanca. Segovia Alcazar, a fusion of palace and military fortressIn 1640, under Philip IV, the centralist policy of the Count-Duke of Olivares provoked wars in Portugal and Catalonia. Portugal became an independent kingdom again, taking with it its empire, and Catalonia enjoyed some years of French-supported independence but was quickly returned to the Spanish Crown, except Roussillon. A series of long and costly wars and revolts followed in the early 17th century, and began a gradual decline of Spanish power in Europe from the 1640s. Of note during the 16th and 17th centuries was the cultural efflorescence now known as the Spanish Golden Age. Spain had vast colonies in America (the continent), stretching from Chile and Argentina to Central America and Mexico, to some states in the present-day United States. These included all of Florida, California (see, in this regard, the Spanish missions in California), Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Then also parts of Oklahoma, Colorado and Wyoming. Thus, the Spanish founded cities like Los Angeles, California; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. Territories of the Vice-Royalty of New Spain. A part of the Spanish Empire.The middle and latter 17th century saw a grim decline and stagnation under the drifting leadership of the last Spanish Habsburgs. The lingering, 'decline of Spain' after a long period of considerable growth since the Black Death in the 14th century, was partly due to its successes in the 15th and 16th centuries that gave rise to the treasure fleets across the Atlantic and the Manila galleons across the Pacific, which, combined with the earlier political, social and military adaptations, made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe from the beginning of the 16th century until the middle of the 17th century. The rapid growth of these silver shipments in the second half of the 16th century, after the opening of the American mines, engendered inflation that undermined Spanish trades and commerce (never very large in the Iberian Peninsula, which wasn't highly populated, thus much of the manufactures and finance were diverted to peripheral parts of the Empire - when related to the Peninsula, that is to say - like Flanders or third countries like The Netherlands, northern Italy and other nearby countries like England or the German speaking States). Worsening matters were the wars defending the global empire against envious European rivals, internal successions and the European wars (Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War) in fighting for the Habsburg's dynastic and religious interests (Counter Reformation). Particularly the Thirty Years' War must be accounted as an on and off but almost continuous conflict which drained Spanish resources into war in Central Europe thus heavily burdening the Empire's economy. During this vast war, the Spanish Crown attempted to meet its needs by tampering with the silver content of the currency, leading to severe bouts of inflation and deflation. A steep economic and demographic decline in the Empire's overly burdened and plague ridden lynchpin (Castile), vast grants of land to the Church and the Habsburg's restoration of power to an increasingly self-serving nobility, also undermined the empire. Reasons for this war were both dynastic and religious. It should be stressed at this point, for a better understanding of the phenomenon, that the moral commitment of the Spanish Empire to the Catholic Church by that time was total and the Spanish Kings often waged war more in terms of genuine faith against the rising Protestantism rather than based in any national interest. A fog of officially sanctioned orthodoxy gradually smothered a once vibrant and diverse intellectual life. The resentment of ordinary peasants and labourers found expression in implicating the nobility of Moorish ancestry and the churchmen of hypocrisy. The growing beggary forced many to live by their wits, increasing the popularity of picaresque literature. This 17th century stagnation was mirrored throughout Europe, as the growing global oceanic trade that had been pioneered by the Iberian countries, was increasingly diverted to north-western Europe. Controversy over succession to the throne consumed, of what had become an essentially leaderless country with a vast empire, and much of Europe, during the first years of the 18th century. Further information: War of the Spanish Succession Philip V, King of SpainIt was only after this war ended and a new dynasty—the French Bourbons—was installed that a true Spanish state was established when the absolutist first Bourbon king Philip V of Spain in 1707 (declared in 1714) dissolved the parliamentarist Aragon court and unified the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon into a single, unified Kingdom of Spain, abolishing many of the regional privileges and autonomies (fueros) that had hampered Habsburg rule. The British abandoned the conflict after Utrecht (1713), which led to Barcelona's easy defeat by the 'absolutists' in 1714. The National Day of Catalonia still commemorates this defeat. Following the wars at its commencement the 18th century saw a long, slow recovery, with an expansion of the iron and steel industries in the Basque Country, a growth in ship building, some increase in trade and a recovery in food production and a gradual recovery of population in Castile. The new Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system in trying to modernize the administration and economy, in which it was more successful in the former than the latter. In the last two decades of the century, with the ending of Cadiz's royally granted monopoly, trade experienced an extraordinary growth (from a relatively low base) which even witnessed the initial steps of an industrialization of the textile industry in Catalonia. Spain's effective military assistance to the rebellious British colonies in the American War of Independence won it renewed international status. [edit] The early nineteenth century Manuel of Godoy, by Goya. Prime Minister of Charles IVThe reformatory efforts of Charles III and his ministers Ensenada and Floridablanca led to a profound gap between partisans of the Enlightenment (Afrancesados) and the partisans of the Old Spain. The subsequent war with France in 1793 (French Revolutionary Wars) polarized the country in an apparent reaction against the Europeanized elites. The 'Afrancesados' were a minority, with a vast portion of Spain firmly attached to the 'Old Order' (even though they distrusted the persons formally representing it, Charles IV, his wife Maria-Luisa de Borbon Parma and her favourite Manuel Godoy). The disastrous Spanish economic situation (and, more specifically, the ambiguous and controversial relations with the juggernaut that was Napoleonic France), led by Godoy, ended with his overthrow at the Mutiny of Aranjuez on March 17th 1808 and forced the abdication of Charles IV and his son Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, in Bayonne later that year, in favour of Joseph Bonaparte (aka Jose I or Pepe Botellas). The abdication was masterminded by Napoleon, who distrusted the uncertain ally that was House of Bourbon Spain and detested the House of Bourbon. The Afrancesados had high expectations of the nomination of Joseph Bonaparte as king, even though he was not of royal blood and a foreigner, while the rest of Spain regarded him with scorn. The new, meek, monarch was sincere in his desire to reform the country for the benefit his subjects but the fast pace of events overwhelmed him. In May 2, 1808, the people of Madrid rose in arms against the French army, commanded by Marshall Joachim Murat. The uprising was immortalized by Goya in his masterpiece El tres de mayo de 1808 (The Third of May 1808). Since this was the first and sole time in Modern Spain's history that the country was in foreign hands, it can be regarded as Spain´s first nationalistic rebellion. The ensuing repression was swift and merciless, but it could not avoid the fact that Napoleonic rule in Spain would be anything but peaceful. A massively destructive war followed, known to the English as the Peninsular War and to the Spanish as the War of Independence, savaging the country with its cruelty. With the exception of the Battle of Bailen (July 18-22, 1808), where the Spanish army was the first to defeat a Napoleonic army in Europe, there were few ranged battles. Napoleon was forced to personally bring his military genius to bear, bringing the Spanish army to its knees and driving the Anglo-Portuguese forces out, but triggered a massive guerrilla war (the English word guerrilla is a loan word taken directly from Spanish): it was by this time when this form of unorganized war made its premiere in Europe). The guerrillas had help from Wellington and the Anglo-Portuguese army which, when combined with Napoleon´s disastrous invasion of Russia, led to the ousting of the French from Spain in 1814, and the return of king Ferdinand VII (aka El Deseado). [edit] Consequences of the Napoleonic rule in Spain The French invasion had numerous consequences for Spain. The war proved disastrous for Spain's economy, reversing the improvements of the late 18th century. It also brought a political and territorial legacy that would leave the country vulnerable to instability for over a century. In 1812, the Liberal Cortes of Cadiz redacted a Constitution, bringing to the country a new form of government, and one by which future monarchs would have to rule, more or less willingly. The power vacuum between 1808 and 1814 had enabled local juntas in the Spanish colonies in America to rule independently. Starting as early as 1809, the continent started freeing itself from Spanish rule; by 1825 with the exceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, and a number of Pacific Islands Spain had lost all its colonies in Latin America. The Trienio Liberal (1820-1823). Further information: Mid-nineteenth century Spain At the end of the 19th century, Spain lost all of its remaining old colonies in the Caribbean and Asia-Pacific regions, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and a large number of Pacific islands (New Guinea was later sold to Germany) to the United States after unwittingly and unwillingly being thrust into the Spanish-American War of 1898. 'The Disaster' of 1898, as the Spanish-American War was called, gave increased impetus to Spain's cultural revival (Generation of '98) in which there was much critical self examination, and relieved it from the burden of its last major colonies. However political stability in such a dispersed and variegated land, caught between pockets of modernity and large areas of extreme rural backwardness and strongly differentiated regional identities and deep divisions over legitimacy originating from the Napoleonic period, would elude the country for some decades yet, and was ultimately imposed only by a brutal dictatorship in 1939. [edit] Twentieth century The bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, 1937The 20th century initially brought little peace; Spain played a minor part in the scramble for Africa, with the colonization of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea. However the area assigned to Spain was mostly abrupt terrain populated by warlike tribesmen with an age-old history of fighting outsiders. A poorly planned and led advance into the interior due to political pressure led to military disaster in Morocco in 1921. This contributed to discrediting the monarch and worsened political instability. A period of dictatorial rule under General Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1931) ended with the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. The Republic offered political autonomy to the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia (where the autonomy did not have any effect due to the civil war) and gave voting rights to women. In the elections in February 1936, the left-wing coalition Popular Front won a narrow victory over the right-wing National Front coalition, but tension continued to mount with the destruction of Church property and an increasing number of politically-motivated murders, including that of prominent right-wing leader José Calvo Sotelo. In July, a number of generals attempted a military takeover which they had been planning for months. The coup failed to topple the government and the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) ensued. After nearly three years of bitter struggle, Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco emerged victorious with the support of Germany and Italy. The Republican side was supported by the Soviet Union and Mexico, but was crucially left isolated through the British-led policy of Non-Intervention. The Spanish Civil War has been called the first battle of the Second World War. Spanish involvement in the Second World War was in fact a continuation of its civil war, as the ideological conflicts involved had much in common (but also some important differences), despite Franco's official policy of neutrality and non-belligerency during the years of Axis success. In 1940, Francisco Franco and his brother-in-law, the foreign minister, Ramón Serrano Súñer, met Adolf Hitler in the Hendaye (then in German-occupied France) to discuss Spanish participation in World War II as part of the Axis. This short trip across the border was the only time Franco left Spain during his long dictatorhip. No agreement was reached and Spain remained neutral though sympathetic. Over a hundred thousand highly motivated Spanish Civil War veterans were to give both sides the benefit of their experience throughout the Second World War in Europe, the Eastern Front and North Africa. A number of the most effective forces in the French Resistance were Spanish as was the 9th Armoured Company that spearheaded Général Leclerc's 2nd Armoured Division's liberation of Paris. On the other side, about 40,000 Spaniards fought against the Soviet Union in the Wehrmacht's División Azul (Blue Division). The only legal party under Franco's regime was the Falange española tradicionalista y de las JONS formed in 1937 by the forceable fusion of the pseudo-fascist Falange and the monarchist Carlist movement. The party emphasized anti-Communism, Catholicism, nationalism, and imperial expansion and was one of the regime's major instruments of internal control. After World War II, being one of few surviving authoritarian regimes in Europe, Spain was politically and economically isolated and was kept out of the United Nations until 1955, when it became strategically important for US president Eisenhower to establish a military presence in the Iberian peninsula. Eisenhower, signed a treaty with Franco in 1953 to build the military air base in Torrejón de Ardoz (this base had nuclear weapons) some 20km east of Madrid, the naval base of Rota, Cádiz (also with nuclear weapons in submarines), and the air base of Morón de la Frontera in Zaragoza. This opening to Spain was aided by Franco's opposition to Communism. In the 1960s, Spain began to enjoy economic growth (Spanish miracle) which gradually transformed it into a modern industrial economy with a thriving tourism sector. Growth continued well into the 1970s, with Franco's government going to great lengths to shield the Spanish people from the effects of the oil crisis. Upon the death of General Franco in November 1975, his personally-designated heir Prince Juan Carlos assumed the position of king and head of state. With the approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, some regions — Basque Country, Navarra— were given complete financial autonomy, and many — Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and Andalusia— were given some political autonomy, which was then soon extended to all Spanish regions, resulting in which is regarded as the most decentralized territorial organization in Western Europe. In the Basque Country, moderate Basque nationalism coexists with radical nationalism supportive of the terrorist group ETA. The scene of one of the Madrid bombings.On January 1, 1999 Spain adopted the Euro as its national currency. Ever since the current Constitution was passed in 1978, Spain has had 5 Presidentes del Gobierno (Prime Ministers) as of September 2006: Adolfo Suarez González (1977-1981) who won the election for the Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD, now extinct), Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Bustelo (1981-1982) also for the UCD (under his presidency there was an attempted coup d'état on 23 February 1981), Felipe Gonzalez Márquez (1982-1996) who won four consecutive elections heading the Partido Socialista Obrero Español ticket (PSOE), during his administrations Spain joined NATO and European Union) and then Jose Maria Aznar López (1996-2004) who won two consecutive elections for the Partido Popular (PP). Last in this list is current Presidente del Gobierno Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero (2004-Incumbent) again for the PSOE. [edit] Twenty first century In November 2002, 'The Prestige' ran aground near to the Galician coast, causing a huge oil spill. It has since been regarded as one of the worst environmental disasters in Spanish history. On March 11 2004, a series of bombs exploded in commuter trains in Madrid, Spain. This act of terror killed 191 people and wounded 1,460 more, besides having a dramatic effect on the upcoming national elections. The 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings had an adverse effect on the then-ruling conservative party Partido Popular (PP) which all the polls were giving as a sure winner of the elections, thus helping the election of Zapatero's Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) current government after two nights of incidents around the PP headquarters and some of their most important local branches. These incidents are still a cause of harsh discussion nowadays, since some fractions of the PP suggest that the elections were 'stolen' by means of the turmoil which followed the terrorist bombing, which was, according to this point of view, backed if not fueled by the PSOE. These incidents did interfer with the last day of campaign when, according to the Spanish electoral system regulations, any kind of political propaganda is prohibitted. March 14 2004 saw the PSOE party elected into government, with Zapatero becoming the new prime minister of Spain. Since the PSOE's election victory Zapatero's government has withdrawn Spanish troops from Iraq and legalized same-sex marriages. He also presided over the Spanish Parliament's approval of the new (and controversial) Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. Spain has been dealing with increasing immigration since the start of the twenty-first century. With polls indicating a population increase of almost 10% in 5 years, indicating record immigration into the country. Spain currently experiences one of the highest rates of immigration in Europe, with many immigrants proceeding to other European countries, or remaining in Spain. The new wave of immigrants creates a new complex set of issues for Spain in the twenty-first century. [edit] Politics Main articles on politics and government of Spain can be found at the Politics and government of Spain series. King Juan Carlos I of Spain.Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales. The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers presided over by the President of Government (comparable to a prime minister), proposed by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly following legislative elections. The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a Senate or Senado with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms. Spain is, at present, what is called a State of Autonomies, formally unitary but, in fact, functioning as a Federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers (for instance, some have their own educational and health systems, co-official language and particular cultural identity) and laws. There are some differences within this system, since power has been relocated from the centre to the periphery asymmetrically, with some autonomous governments (especially those dominated by nationalist parties) seeking a more federalist kind of relationship with Spain, now the Central Government is dealing with autonomous governments for the transfer of more autonomy. This novel system of asymmetrical devolution has been described as a coconstitutionalism and shares similarities to the devolution process adopted by the United Kingdom since 1997. José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Spanish prime ministerThe Government of Spain has been involved in a long-running campaign against Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), a rebel terrorist organization founded in 1959 in opposition to Franco and dedicated to promoting Basque independence through violent means. They consider themselves a guerrilla organization. Although the Basque Autonomous government does not condone any kind of violence, their different approaches to the separatist movement are a source of tension between the central and Basque governments. Initially ETA targeted primarily Spanish security forces, military personnel and Spanish Government officials. As the security forces and prominent politicians improved their own security, ETA increasingly focused its attacks on the tourist seasons (scaring tourists was seen as a way of putting pressure on the government, given the sector's importance to the economy) and local government officials in the Basque Country. The group carried out numerous bombings against Spanish Government facilities and economic targets, including a car bomb assassination attempt on then-opposition leader Aznar in 1995, in which his armored car was destroyed but he was unhurt. The Spanish Government attributes over 800 deaths to ETA during its campaign of rebellion. On 17 May 2005, all the parties in the Congress of Deputies, except the PP, passed the Central Government's motion giving approval to the beginning of peace talks with ETA, without making political concessions and with the requirement that it give up its weapons. PSOE, CiU, ERC, PNV, IU-ICV, CC and the mixed group —BNG, CHA, EA y NB— supported it with a total of 192 votes, while the 147 PP parliamentarians objected. ETA declared a 'permanent cease-fire' that came into force on March 24, 2006. In the years leading up to the permanent cease-fire, the government had had more success in controlling ETA, due in part to increased security cooperation with French authorities. On February 20 2005, Spain became the first country to allow its people to vote on the European Union constitution that was signed in October 2004. The rules state that if any country rejects the constitution then the constitution will be declared void. Despite a very low participation (42%), the final result was very strongly in affirmation of the constitution, making Spain the first country to approve the constitution via referendum (Hungary, Lithuania and Slovenia approved it before Spain, but they did not hold referenda). See also: List of Spanish monarchs and Kings of Spain family tree [edit] Administrative divisions Administratively, Spain is divided into 50 provinces, grouped into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities with high degree of autonomy. [edit] Autonomous communities Main article: Autonomous communities of Spain Autonomous communities of Spain The Sagrada Familia by night, Barcelona The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, Valencia Madrid Barcelona Las Canteras beach, Gran Canaria Map of the Iberian Peninsula showing mainland Spain and Balearic IslandsSpain consists of 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autónomas) and 2 autonomous cities (ciudades autónomas; Ceuta and Melilla). Andalusia (Andalucía) Aragon (Aragón) Principality of Asturias (Principáu d'Asturies in Asturian/Principado de Asturias in Spanish) Balearic Islands (Illes Balears in Catalan / Islas Baleares in Spanish) Basque Country (Euskadi in Basque/País Vasco in Spanish) Canary Islands (Islas Canarias) Cantabria Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) Castile and Leon (Castilla y León' in Spanish) Catalonia (Catalunya in Catalan/Cataluña in Spanish/ Catalunha in Aranese) Extremadura (Ehtremaura in Castúo) Galicia (Galicia or Galiza in Galician/Galicia in Spanish) La Rioja Madrid Murcia (Región de Murcia) Navarre (Nafarroa in Basque/Navarra in Spanish) Valencian Community (Comunitat Valenciana in Valencian /Comunidad Valenciana in Spanish, as official denominations). [edit] Provinces Main articles: Provinces of Spain and Comarcas of Spain The Spanish kingdom also has a provincial structure. Spain is divided into 50 provinces (provincias). This structure is prior to that of the autonomous communities (dates back to 1833). Therefore, autonomous communities group provinces (for instance, Extremadura is made of two provinces: Cáceres and Badajoz). The autonomous communities of Asturias, the Balearic Islands, Cantabria, La Rioja, Navarre, Murcia, and Madrid (the nation's capital) are each composed of a single province. Traditionally, provinces are usually subdivided into historic regions or comarcas. [edit] Places of sovereignty There are also five exclaves (plazas de soberanía) on and off the African coast: the cities of Ceuta and Melilla are administered as autonomous cities, an intermediate status between cities and communities; the islands of the Islas Chafarinas, Peñón de Alhucemas, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera are under direct Spanish administration. The Canary islands, Ceuta and Melilla, although not officially historic communities, enjoy a special status. [edit] Geography Main article: Geography of Spain Mainland Spain is dominated by high plateaus and mountain ranges such as the Pyrenees or the Sierra Nevada. Running from these heights are several major rivers such as the Tajo, the Ebro, the Duero, the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir. Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia, in the east there are alluvial plains with medium rivers like Segura, Júcar and Turia. Spain is bound to the east by Mediterranean Sea (containing the Balearic Islands), to the north by the Bay of Biscay and to its west by the Atlantic Ocean, where the Canary Islands off the African coast are found. Due to Spain's own geographical situation which allows only its northern part to be in the way of the Jet Stream's typical path and due to its own orographic conditions, its climate is extremely diverse. It can be roughly divided in the following areas: The Northern and Eastern Mediterranean coast (Catalonia, Northern half of the Land of Valencia and the Balearic islands): Warm to hot summers with relatively mild to cool winters. Precipitations averaging 600mm. a year. These show an average Mediterranean climate. The South East Mediterranean coast (Alicante, Murcia and Almería): Hot summers and mild to cool winters. Very dry, virtually sub-desertic, rainfall as low as 150mm a year in the Cabo de Gata which is reported to be the dryest place in Europe. These areas qualify mostly as Semiarid climate in terms of precipitation. Southern Mediterranean coast (Málaga area and Granada's coastal part): Warm summers, very mild winters. Average yearly temperatures close to 20 degrees celsius and wet. Close to Subtropical climate. The Guadalquivir valley (Seville, Cordoba): Very hot and dry summers and mild winters. Relatively dry climate. South West Atlantic coast (Cadiz, Huelva): Pleasant summers, very mild and temperate winters. Relatively wet climate. The inner land plateau: Cold winters (depending mostly on altitude) and hot summers, close to the Continental climate. Relatively dry weather (400-600mm per year). Ebro Valley (Zaragoza): Very hot summers, cold winters. Also close to the Continental climate. Dry in terms of precipitations. Northern Atlantic coast or 'Green Spain' (Galicia, Asturias, Coastal Basque country): A very wet climate (averaging 1000mm. a year, some spots over 1200mm.), with mild summers and mild to cool winters. These show mostly an Oceanic climate. The Pyrenees: overall wet weather with cool summers and cold winters, the highest part of it has an Alpine climate. The Canary Islands: Subtropical climate in terms of temperature, being these mild and stable (18 °C to 24 °C; 64 °F to 75 °F) throughout the year. Desertic in the Eastern islands and moister in the westernmost ones. According to a study carried out by Thomas Whitmore, director of research on climatology at the Syracuse University (USA), the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria enjoys the best climate in the world. At 194,884 mi² (504,782 km²), Spain is the world's 51st-largest country (after Thailand). It is comparable in size to Turkmenistan, and somewhat larger than the US state of California. Location Record highs Record lows (°C) (°F) (°C) (°F) Mediterranean Murcia 47.2°C 117.0°F −6.0°C 21.2°F Malaga 44.2°C 111.6°F −3.8°C 25.1°F Valencia 42.5°C 108.5°F −7.2°C 19°F Alicante 41.4°C 106.5°F −4.6°C 23.7°F Palma of Mallorca 40.6°C 105.1°F - - Barcelona 39.8°C 103.6°F −10.0°C 14°F Girona 41.7 107°F −13.0°C 8.6°F The inner land Sevilla 47.0°C 116.6°F −5.5°C 22.1°F Cordoba 46.6°C 115.9°F - - Badajoz 45.0°C 113°F - - Albacete 42.6°C 108.7°F −24.0°C −11.2°F Zaragoza 42.6°C 108.7°F - - Madrid 42.2°C 108.0°F −14.8°C 5.4°F Burgos 41.8°C 107.2°F −22.0°C −7.6°F Valladolid 40.2°C 104.4°F - - Salamanca - - −20.0°C −4.0°F Teruel - - −19.0°C −2.2°F Northern Atlantic coast (°C) (°F) (°C) (°F) Bilbao 42.0°C 107.6°F −8.6°C 16.5°F La Coruña 37.6°C 99.7°F −4.8°C 23.4°F Gijón 36.4°C 97.5°F −4.8°C 23.4°F The Canary Islands Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 38.6°C 102°F 11.4 ° 48.6°F [edit] Most populous metropolitan areas Metropolis building. Madrid, Spain Casa Milà, Barcelona.Madrid 5,904,041 Barcelona 5,300,701 Valencia 1,623,724 Sevilla 1,317,098 Málaga 1,074,074 Bilbao 946,829 See also: List of cities in Spain and List of cities in Spain over 20,000 population (2001 census) [edit] Territorial disputes [edit] Territories claimed by Spain Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar, a British possession on its southern coast. It was conquered during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1704 and was ceded to Britain in perpetuity in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. An overwhelming majority of Gibraltar's 30,000 inhabitants want to remain British, as they have repeatedly proven in referenda on the issue. The UN resolutions (2231 (XXI) and 2353 (XXII)) call on the UK and Spain to reach an agreement to resolve their differences over Gibraltar. According to Spain, these resolutions overrule the Treaty of Utrecht. However Article 103 of the UN Charter makes clear that the right of self-determination of the people of Gibraltar is the paramount and overriding principle. There is also dispute regarding the demarcation line. Gibraltar is officially a non-self governing territory or colony according to the UN. [edit] Spanish territories claimed by other countries Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Vélez, Alhucemas, Chafarinas, and Perejil islands, all on the Northern coast of Africa. Morocco points out that those territories were obtained when Morocco could not do anything to prevent it and has never signed treaties ceding them, Morocco didn't even exist in the 14th and 15th century when these places became Spanish possessions. Spain claims that these territories are integral parts of Spain and have been Spanish or linked to Spain since before the Islamic invasion of Spain in 711, return to Spain, Ceuta and Perejil Island in 1415 and the rest returned to Spanish rule only a few years after the conquest of Granada. Spain claims that Morocco's only claim on these territories is geographical. Parallelism with Egyptian ownership of the Sinai (in Asia) or Turkish ownership of Istanbul (in Europe) is often used to support the Spanish position. Portugal does not recognize Spain's sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza. The Portuguese claim that the Treaty of Vienna (1815), to which Spain was a signatory, stipulated return of the territory to Portugal. Spain alleges that the Treaty of Vienna left the provisions of the Treaty of Badajoz intact. [edit] Economy Main article: Economy of Spain King Juan Carlos, depicted on the Spanish €2 coinSpain's mixed economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is 87% of that of the four leading West European economies. The centre-right government of former Prime Minister Aznar worked successfully to gain admission to the first group of countries launching the European single currency, the euro, on 1 January, 1999. The Aznar administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment fell steadily both under the Aznar and Zapatero administration. It now is 8.7% (December 2005). Though still high, this level of unemployment compares favourably to rates of 20% and above in the early 1990s. It also favourably compares with the other large European countries, most notably, Germany with unemployment of approximately 12%. Growth of 2.4% in 2003 was satisfactory given the background of a faltering European economy, and has steadied since at an annualized rate of about 3.3% in mid 2005 and 3.5% in the first quarter and 3,7% in the second quarter of 2006. There is a widespread concern, however, that the growth is too concentrated upon a few sectors (mainly residential building and those related to it). The current Prime Minister Rodríguez Zapatero has pointed out as matters to be addressed during his administration plans to reduce government intervention in business, combat tax fraud, and support innovation, research and development, but also intends to reintroduce labour market regulations that had been scrapped by the Aznar government. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic policies of an integrated Europe — and reducing unemployment — will pose challenges to Spain over the next few years. According to World Bank GDP figures [5] from 2005, Spain has the ninth largest economy in the world, after Canada, and the fifth largest in Europe, after Italy. There is general concern that Spain's model of economic growth (based largely on mass tourism, the construction industry, and manufacturing sectors) is faltering and may prove unsustainable over the long term. The first report of the Observatory on Sustainability (Observatorio de Sostenibilidad) — published in 2005 and funded by Spain's Ministry of the Environment and Alcalá University — reveals that the country's per capita GDP grew by 25% over the last ten years, while greenhouse gas emissions have risen by 45% since 1990. Although Spain's population grew by less than 5% between 1990 and 2000, urban areas expanded by no less than 25% over the same period. Meanwhile, Spain's energy consumption has doubled over the last 20 years and is currently rising by 6% per annum. This is particularly worrying for a country whose dependence on imported oil (meeting roughly 80% of Spain's energy needs) is one of the greatest in the EU. Large-scale unsustainable development is clearly visible along Spain's Mediterranean coast in the form of housing and tourist complexes, which are placing severe strain on local land and water resources. Recent developments include the construction of reverse osmosis plants along the Spanish Costas, to probably meet over 1 % of Spain's total water needs. Other perennial weak points of Spain's economy include one of the lowest rates of investment in Research and Development, and in education in the EU. This is particularly worrying, given that the country's generally poorly-trained workforce is no longer as competitive in price terms as it was several decades ago. As a result, many manufacturing jobs are going abroad — mainly to Eastern Europe and Asia. On the brighter side, the Spanish economy is credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU (namely France and Germany) by the late 90's and beginning of the 21st century in a process which started with former Prime Minister Aznar's liberalization and deregulation reforms aiming to reduce the State's role in the market place. As a result of it, the economic gap between Spain and its leading partners in the EU context has narrowed steadily over the last years. Hence, the Spanish economy has been regarded lately as one of the most dynamic within the EU, even able to replace the leading role of much larger economies like the aforementioned, thus subsequently attracting significant amounts of foreign investment. [edit] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Spain The languages of Spain ██ Castilian (Spanish) ██ Catalan, co-official ██ Basque, co-official ██ Galician, co-official ██ Asturian, unofficial ██ Aragonese, unofficial ██ Aranese, co-official (dialect of Occitan)The Spanish Constitution, although affirming the sovereignty of the Spanish Nation, recognizes historical nationalities. Castilian (called both español and castellano in the language itself) is an official language throughout Spain, but other regional languages are also spoken, and are the primary languages in some of their respective geographies. Without mentioning them by name, the Spanish Constitution recognizes the possibility of regional languages being co-official in their respective autonomous communities. The following languages are co-official with Spanish according to the appropriate Autonomy Statutes. Catalan (català) in Catalonia (Catalunya), the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears), parts of Valencia (València) (as Valencian) Basque (euskara) in Basque Country (Euskadi or País Vasco), and parts of Navarre (Nafarroa or Navarra). Basque is not known to be related to any other language. Galician (galego) in Galicia (Galicia or Galiza). Occitan (the Aranese dialect). Spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia. Catalan, Galician, Aranese (Occitan) and Castilian are all descended from Latin and some of them have their own dialects, some championed as separate languages by their speakers. A particular case is Valencian, the name given to a variety of Catalan, that also has the co-official language status recognized in Autonomous Community of Valencia. There are also some other surviving Romance minority languages: Asturian / Leonese, in Asturias and parts of Leon, Zamora and Salamanca, and the Extremaduran in Caceres and Salamanca, both descendants of the historical Astur-Leonese dialect; the Aragonese or fabla in part of Aragon; the fala, spoken in three villages of Extremadura; and some Portuguese dialectal towns in Extremadura and Castile-Leon. However, unlike Catalan, Galician, and Basque, these do not have any official status [6]. Spain's legacy: a map of the Hispanophone world. In the touristic areas of the Mediterranean costas and the islands, German and English are spoken by tourists, foreign residents and tourism workers. Recent African immigrants and large minority of their descendants speaks the official European languages of their homelands (whether standard Portuguese, English, French, or its creoles.) According to the Spanish government there are 3.7 million legal foreign residents in Spain. Around 500,000 are Morrocan, and another half a million are Ecuadorian, more than 200,000 are Romanians and 270,000 are Colombian. There are also important numbers of Chinese, African (mostly West African, and some Central and Southern African), Russian, Polish, Philippine, British, and German citizens, plus a considerable number of Spaniard citizens descending from these communities. In 2005 alone, the immigrant population of Spain increased by 700,000 people. Spain's extremely recent explosive population growth, despite a birth rate of only half of the replacement level, is entirely due to an unprecedented deluge of immigrants. Spain has the highest immigration rate of the EU. This can be explained by a number of reasons including its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its submerged economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. The conservative opposition party (PP) also accuses the government of instigating massive arrivals with its recent regularization of 700,000 illegal workers although statistics do not support this claim. [edit] Identities Main article: Spanish people The Spanish Constitution of 1978, in its second article, recognizes historic entities ('nationalities“, a carefully chosen word in order to avoid 'nations') and regions, inside the unity of the Spanish nation. But Spain's identity is sometimes, in fact, an overlap of different regional identities, some of them even conflicting. Castile is considered by many to be the 'core' of Spain. However, this may just be a reflection of the fact that the Castilian national identity was the first one to be quashed by the Spanish Empire in the revolt of the Communards (comuneros) in 1518–1520. The opposite is the case of a large part of Catalans, Basques and, in some measure, Galicians, who quite frequently identify, respectively, primarily with Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Galicia first, with Spain only second, or even third after Europe. For example, according to the last CIS survey, 44% of Basques identify themselves first as Basques (only 8% first as Spaniards); 40% of Catalans do so with Catalonia (20% identify firstly with Spain), and 32% Galicians with Galicia (9% with Spain). Other regional groups, such as the Andalusians have identities which, for a number of reasons, has not led to the development of a strong political nationalist movement. Almost all communities have a majority of people identifying as much with Spain as with the Autonomous Community (except Madrid, where Spain is the primary identity, and Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia, and the Balearics, where people tend to identify more with their Autonomous Community). Even Castille-Leon has 57% of people regarding themselves as much Spaniards as they are Castilians. The situation is even more confusing, since there are regions with ambiguous identities, like Navarre, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, etc. There has been a lot of internal migration (rural exodus) from regions like Galicia, Andalusia and Extremadura to Madrid, Catalonia, Basque Country and the islands. Spain became a unified crown with the union of Castile and Aragon and the conquest of Granada in January 1492, and the annexation of Navarre in 1515. Until 1714, Spain was a loose confederation of kingdoms and statelets under one king, until King Philip V (Felipe V) removed the autonomous status of the Aragonese crown. Navarre and the Basque Provinces, however, kept a high degree of autonomy within their legal and financial system (Fueros). Moreover, the creation of a unified state in the 19th and 20th centuries has led to the present situation, which is apparently simple, but sometimes extremely confusing. During the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936), Catalonia, the Basque country and Galicia were given limited self-government, which was lost after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the subsequent dictatorship of Francisco Franco and later restored in 1978 during the transition to democracy.
Product Information
Published by : SSI
Web : <http://ssionline.com/>
Street Price : $20
System Requirements
Any PowerPC Mac
24 MB RAM (including VM)
10 MB hard disk space (66 MB recommended)
4 x CD-ROM
TCP/IP for network play (no IPX, Modem-Modem, Serial, or AppleTalk support)Supports PC vs Mac multi-player, up to 4 players. CD not required in drive for net play.
(Note : Dark Colony is rated Mature 17+ for bloody images in the cut scenes)
The aliens have landed! And they're set to plunder and exploit the newly terraformed planet Mars just as they did with their home planet of Earth.
That's right, this time you're the invader. Strictly speaking, both sides in Dark Colony are the invaders--both the humans and the conventionally alien Taar. The humans are there to exploit the natural resources, particularly one called Petra-7, which is a very powerful, but less-than-reliable, energy source. The Taar--who look like the ubiquitous 'Greys'--are there because their home planet was hit by a plague that nearly wiped them out.
Both sides are eager to wipe out the other--and, as is the usual case, you can choose who you want to kill.
Dark Colony was released a little while back on the PC side and was swamped by the masses of other real-time strategy games that were released around the same time. As such, perhaps unfairly, it sold poorly and was lost in the pile. SSI released the Mac version at a much lower price to try to boost sales and included the Win '95 CD in the same box so that you can kill and maim your PC-owning friends. And who doesn't want to do that once in a while?
The game runs along the same lines as most RTSes. You start a level with a given mission, which is usually to kill all the aliens (or humans) and destroy any and all of their bases. Occasionally, you'll be given a different mission that will involve finding artifacts left behind by another race many millennia ago. These artifacts, once found, become more commonplace in the other missions and can be dug up for some serious firepower.
Each side is equipped with a collection of potential troops, though in true Warcraft style you don't get immediate access to them all. Instead, you're introduced to them gradually, and only in the last 5 or so levels for each race do you get to play with the whole gamut of killing methods available. They range from the simple trooper, through flying scout craft, heavy artillery, buried mines, and genetically engineered troops that can drop napalm. The humans are very technologically-minded, with great hulking machines and MechWarrior[TM]-like walkers, while the Taar are biological experts creating and using a collection of vile and fearsome creatures instead.
However, each and every unit has its identical counterpart in the other race. For example, the humans have their Barrager artillery that fire explosive shells, and the Taar have their Atril creatures that throw 'explosive mucous sacs' through the air to the same effect. While each side looks very different, they function identically.
Of course, you don't just build troops and send them off without a care, there is the problem of money. Or, in Dark Colony, Petra-7, which is collected from erupting vents in the planet surface by your Exploiters. These trundle over to a vent spewing Petra-7 and set up shop extracting it and beaming it back to your base.
Dark Colony does not allow free-form creation of your base, and you will be stuck with a standard concrete platform of fixed size for every level. Research and factory facilities are dropped onto the platform in fixed places, and cannot be moved. As such, some of the places you start from are a tactical nightmare, while some make the level a complete doddle. To counter this, somewhat, you can build Firestorm (or Xeno-Wort) units that are essentially mobile gun emplacements. Once you've dug them in, however, they are immovable for the rest of the level.
Most other units have an extremely limited attack range--the Osprey/Ortu flying craft are restricted to vertical bombs, and the Reaper walkers must be standing directly against their target. While this makes sense for the Taar equivalent Sy Demons--big ugly things with claws larger than a man, and teeth to match--it seems artificial and unnecessary for the Reapers who are equipped with front-mounted cannons. Generally this results in a hand-to-hand mob. The exceptions to the range problem are, of course, the artillery, and the SARGE/Gorrem units who can kill from quite a distance.
The game sounds, and plays, very much like 'Warcraft'--compared to the later StarCraft which has a very different feel for each race. But comparing it to the newer, and more expensive, StarCraft is neither fair nor accurate. Dark Colony is a consolidation, not an evolution. Besides, Dark Colony does have a few novel points in its favour.
Firstly, there is a day/night cycle of about 10 minutes each, and each race fights better in one of the cycles than the other. Taar, apparently, have eyes like cats and get battle bonuses in the night cycle, while humans left their night vision goggles at home and fight much better in the day. The screen dims to a nice twilight effect during the night, and you can be sure a Taar attack is on its way.
War Of Colony Online
Secondly, the nature of Petra-7 makes the game often a mobile one. Vents erupt, are exploited, and then cease more often than you would have run out of wood and gold in Warcraft. They are also fought over more often because of their distance from a base--Exploiters can transmit Petra-7 across any distance. SARGE/Gorrem units can even intercept and steal Petra-7 transmissions.
Then there's your commander, a unique unit who can inspire the troops to greater efficiency ('Make 'em bleed!'), and call in reinforcements from orbital drop ships. The commander gains power and skill with the more kills he makes, or the troops around him make, so he is always in the thickest of the fighting. In the case of the Taar, rather than call in reinforcements, the commander can call in a saucer to abduct human troops right off the planet. Now you know what really happened to Samantha...
And finally, there is the terrain. Dark Colony offers four different terrain types--plains, jungle, desert, and underground. Underground missions mean no Petra-7 and a limited number of troops to use, and as such, can often be the most challenging. It also offers a kind of 3D to its terrain, in that you get ledges and outcrops on the desert scenarios, and troops walking through the jungles can vanish under the green canopy. While there is limited tactical advantage to either situation, it makes a nice change from the pancake flat Warcraft landscape.
Dark Colony Council Wars Download Pc
Overall, though, Dark Colony comes across as just more of the same. The few new points are overwhelmed by the simple strategy and 'Warcraft' feel to it. The lack of difference between the races gives little or no incentive to try the other once you've completed the game under one. The cut scenes, while bloody and violent--there is one with the camera panning up a trail of blood to the maggot-ridden corpse of your commander after a failure--are somewhat blurry and can be very blocky in places.
In game, the graphics are better, clear and effective, though carrying a cartoony feel to them. The explosions are bright, and you can easily follow the trajectory of enemy artillery back to its unseen source. Soundwise, despite the packaging's claim 'flesh burns, metal melts, both scream' the game is full of less-than-impressive thuds and gunfire. Trooper screams, when they happen, are thin. The good side is that the units are distinctive in their sounds, so you'll
know who's killing you.
There is also the obvious PC-port nature to it. Mac niceties in the way of open/save dialogs are unknown, and the pointer can lag visibly behind where the mouse really is. Lacking a right mouse button, SSI assigned all right mouse functions to the enter key on the keypad, and it cannot be changed. Unless you're left handed this can be a very uncomfortable way to play.
While there are options to select all of a certain troop type on-screen, there is no facility to assign your own groups to quick-keys. This can mean your troops end up in one mob with artillery and foot-troopers all mixed in uselessly together.
But Dark Colony is not a bad game. It is not a great game. What it is, is 'Warcraft in Space', and an OK game.
Colony Wars Review
With the paucity of Real-Time Strategy options on the Mac and the low price, it is worth shelling out for if you're a real RTS fan. It'll keep you busy until Starcraft at least. But for those in the take-it-or-leave-it RTS frame of mind, Dark Colony just doesn't make enough hits to make up for the misses.
Dark Colony Game
Copyright ©1998 Martin Cox <mcox@ihug.co.nz>. Reviewing in ATPMis open to anyone. If you're interested, write to us at <reviews@atpm.com>.